Singularities of axisymmetric free surface flows with gravity

TL;DR

This paper investigates singularities in steady axisymmetric free surface flows under gravity, identifying specific blow-up profiles at stagnation points and on the axis, and providing detailed velocity scaling behavior.

Contribution

It characterizes the blow-up profiles at stagnation points and on the axis, linking them to known solutions and deriving precise velocity scaling laws.

Findings

Constant velocity motion profiles at non-stagnation points suggest downward cusps.

Stagnation points on the axis correspond to Garabedian's bubble solution.

Velocity near the surface scales like rac{rac{rac{X^2+Y^2+Z^2}}

Abstract

We consider a steady axisymmetric solution of the Euler equations for a fluid (incompressible and with zero vorticity) with a free surface, acted on only by gravity. We analyze stagnation points as well as points on the axis of symmetry. At points on the axis of symmetry which are not stagnation points, constant velocity motion is the only blow-up profile consistent with the invariant scaling of the equation. This suggests the presence of downward pointing cusps at those points. At stagnation points on the axis of symmetry, the unique blow-up profile consistent with the invariant scaling of the equation is Garabedian's pointed bubble solution with water above air. Thus at stagnation points on the axis of symmetry with no water above the stagnation point, the invariant scaling of the equation cannot be the right scaling. A fine analysis of the blow-up velocity yields that in the case that the surface is described by an injective curve, the velocity scales almost like $\sqrt{X^2+Y^2+Z^2}$ and is asymptotically given by the velocity field $$V(\sqrt{X^2+Y^2},Z)=c (-\sqrt{X^2+Y^2}, 2Z)$$ with a nonzero constant $c$. The last result relies on a frequency formula in combination with a concentration compactness result for the axially symmetric Euler equations by J.-M. Delort. While the concentration compactness result alone does not lead to strong convergence in general, we prove the convergence to be strong in our application.