Rapid Infrared Variability of Three Radio-loud Narrow-line Seyfert 1 Galaxies: A View from the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer

TL;DR

This study reports rapid infrared variability in three radio-loud narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies, indicating the presence of relativistic jets and blazar-like properties, based on data from the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer.

Contribution

It provides the first evidence of intraday infrared variability in radio-loud NLS1s, linking their IR emission to jet activity and blazar characteristics.

Findings

Infrared variability timescales as short as one day.

Infrared-emitting region size constrained to ~10^{-3} pc.

Spectral energy distributions resemble low-energy-peaked blazars.

Abstract

Using newly released data from the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, we report the discovery of rapid infrared variability in three radio-loud narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies (NLS1s) selected from the 23 sources in the sample of Yuan et al. (2008). J0849+5108 and J0948+0022 clearly show intraday variability, while J1505+0326 has a longer measurable time scale within 180 days. Their variability amplitudes, corrected for measurement errors, are $\sim 0.1-0.2$ mag. The detection of intraday variability restricts the size of the infrared-emitting region to $\sim 10^{-3}$ pc, significantly smaller than the scale of the torus but consistent with the base of a jet. The three variable sources are exceptionally radio-loud, have the highest radio brightness temperature among the whole sample, and all show detected $\gamma$-ray emission in Fermi/LAT observations. Their spectral energy distributions resemble those of low-energy-peaked blazars, with a synchrotron peak around infrared wavelengths. This result strongly confirms the view that at least some radio-loud NLS1s are blazars with a relativistic jet close to our line of sight. The beamed synchrotron emission from the jet contributes significantly to and probably dominates the spectra in the infrared and even optical bands.