A carbon dwarf wearing a Necklace: first proof of accretion in a post-common-envelope binary central star of a planetary nebula with jets

TL;DR

This paper provides the first evidence of a carbon-rich companion in a post-common-envelope planetary nebula, supporting the idea that jets are launched by accretion disks around main-sequence companions prior to the CE phase.

Contribution

It reports the discovery of a carbon dwarf companion in a post-CE planetary nebula, demonstrating accretion prior to the CE phase as a jet formation mechanism.

Findings

Detection of a carbon-rich companion in a post-CE nebula

Evidence of accretion before the common-envelope phase

Jets likely launched from an accretion disk around the companion

Abstract

The formation of collimated outflows or jets in planetary nebulae (PNe) is not well understood. There is no evidence for active accretion disks in PNe making it difficult to decide which of several proposed jet formation scenarios may be correct. A handful of wide binary central stars of PNe are known to have accreted carbon and slow neutron capture (s-process) enhanced material, the immediate progenitors of barium stars, however no close binary analogues are known to have passed through a common-envelope (CE) phase. Here we present spectroscopy of The Necklace taken near lightcurve minimum that for the first time reveals a carbon-rich (C/O > 1) companion, a carbon dwarf, in a post-CE central star. As unevolved stars do not produce carbon, the chemical enhancement of the secondary can only be explained by accretion from the primary. Accretion most likely happened prior to the CE phase via wind accretion as not enough material can be accreted during the short CE phase. The pair of jets in The Necklace, which are observed to be older than the PN, are therefore likely to have been launched from an accretion disk around the companion during this early accretion phase. This discovery adds significant weight to the emerging scenario that jets in post-CE PNe are primarily launched by an accretion disk around a main-sequence companion before the CE phase.