Moderately Luminous type II Supernovae

TL;DR

This study presents detailed ultraviolet, optical, and infrared observations of five moderately luminous type II supernovae, revealing heterogeneity in their properties and insights into their progenitors and explosion energies.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive analysis of five type II SNe, including light curves, spectral evolution, and modeling, highlighting their diversity and suggesting moderate-mass progenitors.

Findings

Light curves show luminous peaks with magnitudes between -16.95 and -18.70.

Ejected ^56Ni masses vary widely among the supernovae.

Spectral features indicate interaction with circumstellar material in some cases.

Abstract

Core-collapse Supernovae (CC-SNe) descend from progenitors more massive than about 8 Msun. Because of the young age of the progenitors, the ejecta may eventually interact with the circumstellar medium (CSM) via highly energetic processes detectable in the radio, X-ray, ultraviolet (UV) and, sometimes, in the optical domains. In this paper we present ultraviolet, optical and near infrared observations of five type II SNe, namely SNe 2009dd, 2007pk, 2010aj, 1995ad, and 1996W. Together with few other SNe they form a group of moderately luminous type II events. We collected photometry and spectroscopy with several telescopes in order to construct well-sampled light curves and spectral evolutions from the photospheric to the nebular phases. Both photometry and spectroscopy indicate a degree of heterogeneity in this sample. The light curves have luminous peak magnitudes ($-16.95<M_{B}<-18.70$). The ejected masses of ^56\ni for three SNe span a wide range of values ($2.8\times10^{-2}$Msun$<$M(\ni)$<1.4\times10^{-1}$Msun), while for a fourth (SN2010aj) we could determine a stringent upper limit ($7\times10^{-3}$Msun). Clues of interaction, such as the presence of high velocity (HV) features of the Balmer lines, are visible in the photospheric spectra of SNe 2009dd and 1996W. For SN2007pk we observe a spectral transition from a type IIn to a standard type II SN. Modelling the observations of SNe 2009dd, 2010aj and 1995ad with radiation hydrodynamics codes, we infer kinetic plus thermal energies of about 0.2-0.5 foe, initial radii of 2-5$\times10^{13}$ cm and ejected masses of $\sim$5.0-9.5 Msun. These values suggest moderate-mass, super-asymptotic giant branch (SAGB) or red super-giants (RSG) stars as SN precursors, in analogy with other luminous type IIP SNe 2007od and 2009bw.