A massive bubble of extremely metal poor gas around a collapsing Ly-alpha blob at z=2.54

TL;DR

This study investigates a large, extremely metal-poor gas bubble around a z=2.54 Ly-alpha nebula, revealing insights into quasar fueling and the nature of cold gas structures in the early universe.

Contribution

It provides the first detailed analysis of a massive, low-metallicity, ionized gas structure associated with a high-redshift quasar, suggesting starburst-driven super-bubbles as a formation mechanism.

Findings

The gas has a mass of >1.6 x 10^11 solar masses.

The metallicity is extremely low, with 12+log(O/H)<7.3.

The gas is predominantly ionized by the quasar.

Abstract

Using long-slit optical spectroscopy obtained at the 10.4 m Gran Telescopio Canarias, we have examined the gaseous environment of the radio-loud quasar TXS 1436+157 (z=2.54), previously known to be associated with a large Ly-alpha nebula and a spatially extended Ly-alpha-absorbing structure. From the Ly-alpha nebula we measure kinematic properties consistent with infall at a rate of about 10-100 M./yr - more than sufficient to power a quasar at the top of the luminosity function. The absorbing structure lies outside of the Ly-alpha nebula, at a radius of >40 kpc from the quasar. Against the bright unresolved continuum and line emission from the quasar, we detect in absorption the NV 1239,1241, CIV 1548,1551 and SiIV 1394,1403 doublets, with no unambiguous detection of absorption lines from any low-ionization species of metal. The metal column densities, taken together with the HI column density measurement from the literature, indicate that the absorbing gas is predominantly ionized by the quasar, has a mass of hydrogen of >1.6 x 10E11 M., a gas density of <18 per cubic cm, a line of sight thickness of >18 pc, and a covering factor approaching unity. While this absorbing structure is clearly not composed of pristine gas, it has an extremely low metallicity, with ionization models providing a 3-sigma limit of 12+log(O/H)<7.3. To explain these results, we discuss a scenario involving starburst-driven super-bubbles and the creation of infalling filaments of cold gas which fuel/trigger the quasar. We also discuss the possibility of detecting large-scale absorbers such as this in emission when illuminated by a powerful quasar.