A graph minors characterization of signed graphs whose signed Colin de Verdi\`ere parameter $\nu$ is two

TL;DR

This paper characterizes signed graphs with a signed Colin de Verdière parameter at most two using graph minors, identifying specific forbidden minors that determine this property.

Contribution

It provides a graph minors characterization for signed graphs with $ u \, \leq \, 2$, extending classical graph minor theory to signed graphs.

Findings

Signed graphs with $ u \, \leq \, 2$ exclude minors isomorphic to $(K_4,E(K_4))$ or $K_3^=$.

The characterization links the parameter $ u$ to forbidden minors.

The result generalizes known minor characterizations to the context of signed graphs.

Abstract

A signed graph is a pair $(G,\Sigma)$, where $G=(V,E)$ is a graph (in which parallel edges are permitted, but loops are not) with $V=\{1,...,n\}$ and $\Sigma\subseteq E$. The edges in $\Sigma$ are called odd and the other edges even. By $S(G,\Sigma)$ we denote the set of all symmetric $n\times n$ matrices $A=[a_{i,j}]$ with $a_{i,j}<0$ if $i$ and $j$ are connected by only even edges, $a_{i,j}>0$ if $i$ and $j$ are connected by only odd edges, $a_{i,j}\in \mathbb{R}$ if $i$ and $j$ are connected by both even and odd edges, $a_{i,j}=0$ if $i\not=j$ and $i$ and $j$ are non-adjacent, and $a_{i,i} \in \mathbb{R}$ for all vertices $i$. The parameter $\nu(G,\Sigma)$ of a signed graph $(G,\Sigma)$ is the largest nullity of any positive semidefinite matrix $A\in S(G,\Sigma)$ that has the Strong Arnold Property. By $K_3^=$ we denote the signed graph obtained from $(K_3,\emptyset)$ by adding to each even edge an odd edge in parallel. In this paper, we prove that a signed graph $(G,\Sigma)$ has $\nu(G,\Sigma)\leq 2$ if and only if $(G,\Sigma)$ has no minor isomorphic to $(K_4,E(K_4))$ or $K_3^=$.