Time transfer through optical fibers over a distance of 73 km with an uncertainty below 100 ps

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates a highly precise time transfer method over 73 km of optical fiber, achieving below 100 ps uncertainty, surpassing traditional satellite-based methods in stability and bandwidth.

Contribution

The study introduces a novel optical fiber time transfer system based on TWSTFT, achieving sub-100 ps uncertainty and improved stability over long distances compared to GPS links.

Findings

Time transfer uncertainty below 100 ps over 73 km fiber

Fiber link shows nearly 10-fold better stability than GPS

Calibration uncertainty of the system is estimated at 74 ps

Abstract

We demonstrate the capability of accurate time transfer using optical fibers over long distances utilizing a dark fiber and hardware which is usually employed in two-way satellite time and frequency transfer (TWSTFT). Our time transfer through optical fiber (TTTOF) system is a variant of the standard TWSTFT by employing an optical fiber in the transmission path instead of free-space transmission of signals between two ground stations through geostationary satellites. As we use a dark fiber there are practically no limitations to the bandwidth of the transmitted signals so that we can use the highest chip-rate of the binary phase-shift modulation available from the commercial equipment. This leads to an enhanced precision compared to satellite time transfer where the occupied bandwidth is limited for cost reasons. The TTTOF system has been characterized and calibrated in a common clock experiment at PTB, and the combined calibration uncertainty is estimated as 74 ps. In a second step the remote part of the system was operated at Leibniz Universitaet Hannover, Institut fuer Quantenoptik (IQ) separated by 73 km from PTB in Braunschweig. In parallel, a GPS time transfer link between Braunschweig and Hannover was established, and both links connected a passive hydrogen maser at IQ with the reference time scale UTC(PTB) maintained in PTB. The results obtained with both links agree within the 1-sigma uncertainty of the GPS link results, which is estimated as 0.72 ns. The fiber link exhibits a nearly 10-fold improved stability compared to the GPS link, and assessment of its performance has been limited by the properties of the passive maser.