Stars and brown dwarfs in the sigma Orionis cluster. III. OSIRIS/GTC low-resolution spectroscopy of variable sources

TL;DR

This study used low-resolution spectroscopy to identify new accretors and disc-hosting low-mass stars and brown dwarfs in the sigma Orionis cluster, revealing previously undetected objects with variability and accretion signatures.

Contribution

It provides new spectroscopic data and characterizes previously unstudied variable low-mass stars and brown dwarfs, including accretors and disc hosts, in sigma Orionis.

Findings

Detected lithium absorption in seven targets.

Identified Halpha and forbidden emission lines in several objects.

Characterized a faint brown dwarf with 18-hour variability and strong Halpha emission.

Abstract

Context. Although many studies have been performed so far, there are still dozens of low-mass stars and brown dwarfs in the young sigma Orionis open cluster without detailed spectroscopic characterisation. Aims. We look for unknown strong accretors and disc hosts that were undetected in previous surveys. Methods. We collected low-resolution spectroscopy (R ~ 700) of ten low-mass stars and brown dwarfs in sigma Orionis with OSIRIS at the Gran Telescopio Canarias under very poor weather conditions. These objects display variability in the optical, infrared, Halpha, and/or X-rays on time scales of hours to years. We complemented our spectra with optical and near-/mid-infrared photometry. Results. For seven targets, we detected lithium in absorption, identified Halpha, the calcium doublet, and forbidden lines in emission, and/or determined spectral types for the first time. We characterise in detail a faint, T Tauri-like brown dwarf with an 18 h-period variability in the optical and a large Halpha equivalent width of -125+/-15 AA, as well as two M1-type, X-ray-flaring, low-mass stars, one with a warm disc and forbidden emission lines, the other with a previously unknown cold disc with a large inner hole. Conclusions. New unrevealed strong accretors and disc hosts, even below the substellar limit, await discovery among the list of known sigma Orionis stars and brown dwarfs that are variable in the optical and have no detailed spectroscopic characterisation yet.