Electromagnetic transients as triggers in searches for gravitational waves from compact binary mergers

TL;DR

This paper develops a framework to quantify how electromagnetic transient triggers can enhance gravitational-wave searches from binary neutron star mergers, showing potential increases in detection rates with current and future observatories.

Contribution

It introduces a new framework for assessing the sensitivity gains in gravitational-wave detection when triggered by electromagnetic transients, applied to various electromagnetic signals.

Findings

Triggered searches can increase multi-messenger detection rates by up to 40%.

Optical surveys like LSST could observe up to ten coincident events annually.

Short GRB triggers provide precise timing but have lower detection rates due to beaming.

Abstract

The detection of an electromagnetic transient which may originate from a binary neutron star merger can increase the probability that a given segment of data from the LIGO-Virgo ground-based gravitational-wave detector network contains a signal from a binary coalescence. Additional information contained in the electromagnetic signal, such as the sky location or distance to the source, can help rule out false alarms, and thus lower the necessary threshold for a detection. Here, we develop a framework for determining how much sensitivity is added to a gravitational-wave search by triggering on an electromagnetic transient. We apply this framework to a variety of relevant electromagnetic transients, from short GRBs to signatures of r-process heating to optical and radio orphan afterglows. We compute the expected rates of multi-messenger observations in the Advanced detector era, and find that searches triggered on short GRBs --- with current high-energy instruments, such as Fermi --- and nucleosynthetic `kilonovae' --- with future optical surveys, like LSST --- can boost the number of multi-messenger detections by 15% and 40%, respectively, for a binary neutron star progenitor model. Short GRB triggers offer precise merger timing, but suffer from detection rates decreased by beaming and the high a priori probability that the source is outside the LIGO-Virgo sensitive volume. Isotropic kilonovae, on the other hand, could be commonly observed within the LIGO-Virgo sensitive volume with an instrument roughly an order of magnitude more sensitive than current optical surveys. We propose that the most productive strategy for making multi-messenger gravitational-wave observations is using triggers from future deep, optical all-sky surveys, with characteristics comparable to LSST, which could make as many as ten such coincident observations a year.