Modeling optical and UV polarization of AGNs II. Polarization imaging and complex reprocessing

TL;DR

This paper models the polarization signatures of AGNs using an improved Monte Carlo code, revealing how geometry and optical depths influence observed polarization and constraining the properties of the inflowing medium and torus structure.

Contribution

It introduces a new version of STOKES with polarization imaging, providing detailed modeling of AGN polarization that constrains the geometry and optical depths of the inner regions.

Findings

The inflow within the torus should have optical depth 1 < tau < 3.

Torus half-opening angle is likely around 60 degrees.

Most Seyfert-2 AGNs require a half-opening angle > 60 degrees.

Abstract

We model the spectropolarimetric signature resulting from the radiative coupling between the innermost parts of active galactic nuclei (AGNs). We use a new public version of STOKES, a Monte Carlo radiative transfer code presented in the first paper of this series. The code has been significantly improved for computational speed and polarization imaging has been implemented. We couple continuum sources with equatorial scattering regions, polar outflows, and toroidal obscuring dust and we study the resulting polarization. We compute a grid of thermal AGN models for different half-opening angles of the torus and polar winds. We also consider a range of optical depths for equatorial and polar electron scattering and investigate how the model geometry influences the type-1/type-2 polarization dichotomy for thermal AGNs. We put new constrains on the inflowing medium within the inner walls of the torus. The inflow should be confined to the common equatorial plane of the torus and the accretion disc and have a radial optical depth of 1 < tau < 3. Our modeling of type-1 AGNs also indicates that the torus is more likely to have a large (~ 60{\deg}) half-opening angle. Polarization perpendicular to the axis of the torus may arise at a type-1 viewing angle for a torus half-opening angle of 30{\deg}- 45{\deg} or polar outflows with an optical depth near unity. Our modeling suggests that most Seyfert-2 AGN must have a half-opening angle > 60{\deg} to match the level of perpendicular polarization expected. If outflows are collimated by the torus inner walls, they must not be optically thick (tau < 1) in order to preserve the polarization dichotomy. The wind's optical depth is found not to play a critical role for the degree of polarization of type-2 thermal AGNs but it has a significant impact on the type-1/type-2 polarization dichotomy when the optical depth exceeds tau = 0.3.