Three-dimensional non-LTE radiative transfer effects in Fe I lines I. Flux sheet and flux tube geometries

TL;DR

This study investigates the impact of 3-D non-LTE radiative transfer on Fe I line diagnostics in solar magnetic structures, revealing significant differences from LTE assumptions and implications for magnetic field and temperature measurements.

Contribution

It demonstrates the importance of 3-D NLTE radiative transfer modeling for accurate solar magnetic diagnostics and compares various approximation methods.

Findings

LTE is a poor approximation for certain Fe I lines in flux sheet models.

Profile shape differences can cause 10-20% errors in magnetic field estimates.

Horizontal RT minimally affects the visibility of narrow structures.

Abstract

In network and active region plages, the magnetic field is concentrated into structures often described as flux tubes (FTs) and sheets (FSs). 3-D radiative transfer (RT) is important for energy transport in these concentrations. It is also expected to be important for diagnostic purposes but has rarely been applied for that purpose. Using true 3-D, non-LTE (NLTE) RT in FT/FS models, we compute Fe line profiles commonly used to diagnose the Sun's magnetic field by comparing the results with those obtained from LTE/1-D (1.5-D) NLTE calculations. Employing a multilevel iron atom, we study the influence of basic parameters such as Wilson depression, wall thickness, radius/width, thermal stratification or magnetic field strength on all Stokes $I$ parameters in the thin-tube approximation. The use of different levels of approximations of RT may lead to considerable differences in profile shapes, intensity contrasts, equivalent widths, and the determination of magnetic field strengths. In particular, LTE, which often provides a good approach in planar 1-D atmospheres, is a poor approximation in our flux sheet model for some of the most important diagnostic Fe I lines (524.7nm, 525.0nm, 630.1nm, and 630.2nm). The observed effects depend on parameters such as the height of line formation, field strength, and internal temperature stratification. Differences between the profile shapes may lead to errors in the determination of magnetic fields on the order of 10 to 20%, while errors in the determined temperature can reach 300-400K. The empirical FT models NET and PLA turn out to minimize the effects of 3D RT, so that results obtained with these models by applying LTE may also remain valid for 3-D NLTE calculations. Finally, horizontal RT is found to only insignificantly smear out structures such as the optically thick walls of FTs and FSs, allowing features as narrow as 10km to remain visible.