Gravitational lensing with $ f(\chi)=\chi^{3/2} $ gravity in accordance with astrophysical observations

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates that the $f(b1)=b1^{3/2}$ gravity theory can explain galaxy rotation curves and gravitational lensing observations without dark matter, using second order perturbation analysis and a specialized computational tool.

Contribution

It provides a second order perturbation analysis of the $f(b1)=b1^{3/2}$ gravity theory, showing its compatibility with astrophysical observations and introducing a computational tool for perturbation calculations.

Findings

The theory reproduces galaxy rotation curves and Tully-Fisher relation.

It accurately models gravitational lensing in galaxies and groups.

The metric components align with empirical data.

Abstract

In this article we perform a second order perturbation analysis of the gravitational metric theory of gravity $ f(\chi) = \chi^{3/2} $ developed by Bernal et al. (2011). We show that the theory accounts in detail for two observational facts: (1) the phenomenology of flattened rotation curves associated to the Tully-Fisher relation observed in spiral galaxies, and (2) the details of observations of gravitational lensing in galaxies and groups of galaxies, without the need of any dark matter. We show how all dynamical observations on flat rotation curves and gravitational lensing can be synthesised in terms of the empirically required metric coefficients of any metric theory of gravity. We construct the corresponding metric components for the theory presented at second order in perturbation, which are shown to be perfectly compatible with the empirically derived ones. It is also shown that under the theory being presented, in order to obtain a complete full agreement with the observational results, a specific signature of Riemann's tensor has to be chosen. This signature corresponds to the one most widely used nowadays in relativity theory. Also, a computational program, the MEXICAS (Metric EXtended-gravity Incorporated through a Computer Algebraic System) code, developed for its usage in the Computer Algebraic System (CAS) Maxima for working out perturbations on a metric theory of gravity, is presented and made publicly available.