Swap Operators and Electric Charges of Fermions

TL;DR

This paper introduces a novel phase space formulation of electric charge operators using swap operators, providing new insights into fermion charges in the Standard Model.

Contribution

It constructs an electric charge operator expressed via swap operators, encompassing all fermions of the Standard Model, offering a new mathematical perspective.

Findings

ECO expressed in terms of swap operator eigenvalues

Unified ECO for all SM fermions

Potential physical interpretations of swap operators

Abstract

Electric Charges operator (ECO) in phase space formulation, proposed by Zenczykowski, is expressed in terms of a swap operator, in some expressions for possible physical interpretations. An expression of an ECO in terms of a swap operator makes sense to the eigenvalues of the swap operator. An ECO including all the fermions of the standard model (SM) is constructed.