On The Expansion and Fate Of The Universe

TL;DR

This paper challenges the traditional Hubble's law at large distances, proposing a modified velocity-distance relation that suggests the universe may reach an unstable equilibrium, potentially collapsing or expanding forever, without invoking dark energy.

Contribution

It introduces a velocity expansion model that accounts for energy conservation, providing an alternative explanation to dark energy for the universe's expansion.

Findings

Hubble's law may not hold at large distances due to energy conservation.

A simple 'dust' universe model predicts conditions for unstable equilibrium.

The universe's fate could be collapse or eternal expansion based on fluctuations.

Abstract

The evolution of the universe from an initial dramatic event, the Big-Bang, is firmly established. Hubble's law [1] (HL) connects the velocity of galactic objects and their relative distance: v(r)=Hr, where H is the Hubble constant. In this work we suggest that HL is not valid at large distances because of total energy conservation. We propose that the velocity can be expanded in terms of their relative distance and produce a better fit to the available experimental data. Using a simple 'dust' universe model, we can easily calculate under which conditions an (unstable) equilibrium state can be reached and we can estimate the values of the matter present in the universe as well as the 'dark energy'. We do not need to invoke any 'dark energy', its role being played by the kinetic correction. The resulting picture is that the universe might reach an unstable equilibrium state whose fate will be decided by fluctuations: either collapse or expand forever.