The CO A-X System for Constraining Cosmological Drift of the Proton-Electron Mass Ratio

TL;DR

This paper introduces the CO A-X band system as a new method to investigate potential variations in the proton-electron mass ratio over cosmological timescales, supported by precise laboratory measurements and sensitivity calculations.

Contribution

It provides accurate laboratory wavelengths and sensitivity coefficients for CO A-X bands, enabling the use of this system as a probe for fundamental constant variations in the universe.

Findings

Laboratory wavelengths determined with high precision.

Two-photon laser spectroscopy verified spectral data.

Sensitivity coefficients calculated for $mbda$-variation detection.

Abstract

The $\textrm{A}^1\Pi-\textrm{X}^1\Sigma^+$ band system of carbon monoxide, which has been detected in six highly redshifted galaxies ($z=1.6-2.7$), is identified as a novel probe method to search for possible variations of the proton-electron mass ratio ($\mu$) on cosmological time scales. Laboratory wavelengths of the spectral lines of the A-X ($v$,0) bands for $v=0-9$ have been determined at an accuracy of $\Delta\lambda/\lambda=1.5 \times 10^{-7}$ through VUV Fourier-transform absorption spectroscopy, providing a comprehensive and accurate zero-redshift data set. For the (0,0) and (1,0) bands, two-photon Doppler-free laser spectroscopy has been applied at the $3 \times 10^{-8}$ accuracy level, verifying the absorption data. Sensitivity coefficients $K_{\mu}$ for a varying $\mu$ have been calculated for the CO A-X bands, so that an operational method results to search for $\mu$-variation.