Threshold for Electron Trapping Nonlinearity in Langmuir Waves

TL;DR

This paper establishes a criterion for when electron trapping nonlinearity becomes significant in Langmuir waves, considering convective and collisional detrapping, with implications for inertial confinement fusion.

Contribution

It introduces a bounce number metric to quantify trapping nonlinearity and analyzes detrapping rates from convective loss and collisions, supported by Vlasov simulations.

Findings

Trapping nonlinearity becomes significant when N_B ~ 1.

Convective transverse loss is the dominant detrapping process in typical laser speckles.

Reflectivities around 3% can lead to notable trapping effects in ICF conditions.

Abstract

We assess when electron trapping nonlinearity is expected to be important in Langmuir waves. The basic criterion is that the inverse of the detrapping rate nu_d of electrons in the trapping region of velocity space must exceed the bounce period of deeply-trapped electrons, tau_B = (n_e/delta n)^{1/2} 2pi/omega_pe. A unitless figure of merit, the "bounce number" N_B = 1/(nu_d tau_B), encapsulates this condition and defines a trapping threshold amplitude for which N_B=1. The detrapping rate is found for convective loss (transverse and longitudinal) out of a spatially finite Langmuir wave. Simulations of driven waves with a finite transverse profile, using the 2D-2V Vlasov code Loki, show trapping nonlinearity increases continuously with N_B for transverse loss, and is significant for N_B ~ 1. The detrapping rate due to Coulomb collisions (both electron-electron and electron-ion) is also found, with pitch-angle scattering and parallel drag and diffusion treated in a unified manner. A simple way to combine convective and collisional detrapping is given. Application to underdense plasma conditions in inertial confinement fusion targets is presented. The results show that convective transverse loss is usually the most potent detrapping process in a single f/8 laser speckle. For typical plasma and laser conditions on the inner laser cones of the National Ignition Facility, local reflectivities ~3% are estimated to produce significant trapping effects.