Empirical Near Infrared colors for low-mass stars and brown dwarfs in the Orion Nebula Cluster

TL;DR

This study empirically assesses and corrects biases in near-infrared photometry of low-mass pre-main sequence stars in the Orion Nebula Cluster, improving the accuracy of stellar parameter estimations.

Contribution

It provides empirical intrinsic IR colors for young low-mass stars, evaluates synthetic spectral library accuracy, and discusses biases in evolutionary models affecting low-mass star analysis.

Findings

Synthetic JHKs photometry accurate within ~0.2 mag for late spectral types.

Tabulated intrinsic colors for K6-M8.5 spectral types in Orion.

Identified biases in evolutionary models underestimating IR flux at late types.

Abstract

Atmospheric and evolutionary models for low-mass stars rely on approximate assumptions on the physics of the stellar structure and the atmospheric radiative transfer. This leads to biased theoretical predictions on the photospheric Spectral Energy Distributions of Pre-Main Sequence (PMS) stars, and affects the derivation of stellar parameters from photometric data. Our goal is to correct the biases present in the theoretical predictions for the near-IR photometry of low-mass PMS stars. Using empirical intrinsic IR colors, we assess the accuracy of current synthetic spectral libraries and evolutionary models. We consider a sample of ~300 PMS stars in the Orion Nebula Cluster (age 1 Myr) with measured luminosities, temperatures and photospheric JHKs photometry. By analyzing the photospheric colors of our sample of stars, we find that the synthetic JHKs photometry provided by theoretical spectral templates for late spectral types (>K6) are accurate at the level of ~0.2 mag, while colors are accurate at ~0.1 mag. We tabulate the intrinsic photospheric colors, appropriate for the Orion Nebula Cluster, in the range K6-M8.5. They can be conveniently used as templates for the intrinsic colors of other young (age<5 Myr) stellar clusters. An empirical correction of the atmospheric templates can fix the discrepancies between expected and observed colors. Still, other biases in the evolutionary models prevent a more robust comparison between observations and theoretical absolute magnitudes. In particular, PMS evolutionary models seem to consistently underestimate the intrinsic near-infrared flux at the very late spectral types, and this may introduce spurious features in the low-mass end of the photometrically-determined Initial Mass Function of young clusters.