On the Weak-Wind Problem in Massive Stars: X-ray Spectra Reveal a Massive Hot Wind in \mu\ Columbae

TL;DR

This study uses high-resolution X-ray spectra of lumbae to demonstrate that the star's wind is actually hot and massive, resolving the longstanding weak-wind problem by revealing a hot wind component detectable in X-rays.

Contribution

The paper provides the first direct evidence that weak-wind stars have hot, massive winds consistent with standard models, challenging previous UV/optical-based assessments.

Findings

X-ray emission measure indicates a wind much stronger than UV lines suggest.

The wind is hot and detectable primarily in X-rays, not in UV/optical spectra.

X-ray spectra show no signs of magnetic confinement or wind decoupling.

Abstract

\mu\ Columbae is a prototypical weak-wind O-star for which we have obtained a high-resolution X-ray spectrum with the Chandra LETG/ACIS-S instrument and a low resolution spectrum with Suzaku. This allows us, for the first time, to investigate the role of X-rays on the wind structure in a bona fide weak-wind system and to determine whether there actually is a massive, hot wind. The X-ray emission measure indicates that the outflow is an order of magnitude greater than that derived from UV lines and is commensurate with the nominal wind-luminosity relationship for O-stars. Therefore, the ``weak-wind problem''---identified from cool wind UV/optical spectra---is largely resolved by accounting for the hot wind seen in X-rays. From X-ray line profiles, Doppler shifts, and relative strengths, we find that this weak-wind star is typical of other late O dwarfs. The X-ray spectra do not suggest a magnetically confined plasma---the spectrum is soft and lines are broadened; Suzaku spectra confirm the lack of emission above 2 keV. Nor do the relative line shifts and widths suggest any wind decoupling by ions. The He-like triplets indicate that the bulk of the X-ray emission is formed rather close to the star, within 5 stellar radii. Our results challenge the idea that some OB stars are ``weak-wind'' stars that deviate from the standard wind-luminosity relationship. The wind is not weak, but it is hot and its bulk is only detectable in X-rays.