Coronae above accretion disks around black holes: The effect of Compton cooling

TL;DR

This paper explores how Compton cooling influences the formation of coronae above accretion disks around black holes, affecting the presence of broad iron emission lines in different spectral states.

Contribution

It provides a detailed analysis of the accretion flow geometry, highlighting the conditions under which ADAF-type coronae can form in hard and soft states, considering Compton cooling effects.

Findings

Weak coronae form above inner disks in the hard state.

Strong Compton cooling limits corona formation in the soft state.

Additional electron heating mechanisms, like magnetic flares, are needed in the soft state.

Abstract

The geometry of the accretion flow around stellar mass and supermassive black holes depends on the accretion rate. Broad iron emission lines originating from the irradiation of cool matter can indicate that there is an inner disk below a hot coronal flow.These emission lines have been detected in X-ray binaries. Observations with the Chandra X-ray Observatory, XMM Newton and Suzaku have confirmed the presence of these emission lines also in a large fraction of Seyfert-1 active galactic nuclei (AGN). We investigate the accretion flow geometry for which broad iron emission lines can arise in hard and soft spectral state. We study an ADAF-type coronal flow, where the ions are viscously heated and electrons receive their heat only by collisions from the ions and are Compton cooled by photons from an underlying cool disk. For a strong mass flow in the disk and the resulting strong Compton cooling only a very weak coronal flow is possible. This limitation allows the formation of ADAF-type coronae above weak inner disks in the hard state, but almost rules them out in the soft state. The observed hard X-ray luminosity in the soft state, of up to 10% or more of the total flux, indicates that there is a heating process that directly accelerates the electrons. This might point to the action of magnetic flares of disk magnetic fields reaching into the corona. Such flares have also been proposed by observations of the spectra of X-ray black hole binaries without a thermal cut-off around 200 keV.