Nonlinear Propagation in Multimode and Multicore Fibers: Generalization of the Manakov Equations

TL;DR

This paper generalizes the Manakov equations for nonlinear propagation in multimode fibers with rapidly varying birefringence, simplifying analysis and improving computational efficiency while demonstrating enhanced system performance with strong mode coupling.

Contribution

The paper introduces new Manakov equations for multimode fibers with birefringence fluctuations and strong mode coupling, reducing complexity and computational time compared to previous models.

Findings

New Manakov equations accurately model multimode fiber nonlinearities.

Averaging over birefringence fluctuations reduces nonlinear terms significantly.

Strong mode coupling can improve fiber system performance.

Abstract

This paper starts by an investigation of nonlinear transmission in space-division multiplexed (SDM) systems using multimode fibers exhibiting a rapidly varying birefringence. A primary objective is to generalize the Manakov equations, well known in the case of single-mode fibers. We first investigate a reference case where linear coupling among the spatial modes of the fiber is weak and after averaging over birefringence fluctuations, we obtain new Manakov equations for multimode fibers. Such an averaging reduces the number of intermodal nonlinear terms drastically since all four-wave-mixing terms average out. Cross-phase modulation terms still affect multimode transmission but their effectiveness is reduced. We then verify the accuracy of our new Manakov equations by transmitting multiple PDM-QPSK signals over different modes of a multimode fiber and comparing the numerical results with those obtained by solving the full stochastic equation. The agreement is excellent in all cases studied. A great benefit of the new equations is to reduce the computation time by a factor of 10 or more. Another important feature observed is that birefringence fluctuations improve system performance by reducing the impact of fiber nonlinearities. Finally multimode fibers with strong random coupling among all spatial modes are considered. Linear coupling is modeled using the random matrix theory approach. We derive new Manakov equations for multimode fibers in that regime and show that such fibers can perform better than single-modes fiber for large number of propagating spatial modes.