TL;DR
This paper investigates particle creation in an expanding universe with a three-torus topology, analyzing both zero and nonzero modes, and computes the resulting energy density for various particle masses.
Contribution
It provides a detailed calculation of particle production rates in a toroidal universe, including the zero mode's unique effects, which is a novel analysis for such topologies.
Findings
Particle production rate depends on universe expansion and topology.
Zero mode contributes uniquely to particle creation.
Energy density varies with particle mass and mode type.
Abstract
We calculate the particle production rate in an expanding universe with a three-torus topology. We discuss also the complete evolution of the size of such a universe. The energy density of particles created through the nonzero modes is computed for selected masses. The unique contribution of the zero mode and its properties are also analyzed.
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