Electromagnetic fluctuation-induced interactions in randomly charged slabs

TL;DR

This paper investigates how electromagnetic fluctuations and charge disorder in dielectric slabs influence long-range interactions, revealing significant effects even at the nano scale and modifying previously predicted force behaviors.

Contribution

It extends the understanding of electrostatic interactions by including electromagnetic fluctuations and disorder effects, especially in the retarded regime and at small scales.

Findings

Disorder-induced forces scale with charge variance and inverse distance.

Higher-order electromagnetic modes significantly affect the interaction.

Charge disorder can alter or suppress non-monotonic force behavior.

Abstract

Randomly charged net-neutral dielectric slabs are shown to interact across a featureless dielectric continuum with long-range electrostatic forces that scale with the statistical variance of their quenched random charge distribution and inversely with the distance between their bounding surfaces. By accounting for the whole spectrum of electromagnetic field fluctuations, we show that this long-range disorder-generated interaction extends well into the retarded regime where higher-order Matsubara frequencies contribute significantly. This occurs even for highly clean samples with only a trace amount of charge disorder and shows that disorder effects can be important down to the nano scale. As a result, the previously predicted non-monotonic behavior for the total force between dissimilar slabs as a function of their separation distance is substantially modified by higher-order contributions, and in almost all cases of interest, we find that the equilibrium inter-surface separation is shifted to substantially larger values compared to predictions based solely on the zero-frequency component. This suggests that the ensuing non-monotonic interaction is more easily amenable to experimental detection. The presence of charge disorder in the intervening dielectric medium between the two slabs is shown to lead to an additional force that can be repulsive or attractive depending on the system parameters and can, for instance, wash out the non-monotonic behavior of the total force when the intervening slab contains a sufficiently large amount of disorder charges.