Methods for evaluating the performance of volume phase holographic gratings for the VIRUS spectrograph array

TL;DR

This paper presents methods for evaluating the performance of volume phase holographic gratings used in the VIRUS spectrograph array, focusing on test procedures to ensure high diffraction efficiency for HETDEX.

Contribution

It introduces specific test methods for assessing grating efficiency and discusses an apparatus for rapid batch verification of production gratings.

Findings

Measured diffraction efficiency accounts for over 90% of incident light within spectral range.

Test methods have informed modifications to fabrication processes.

An apparatus for quick efficiency verification is described.

Abstract

The Visible Integral Field Replicable Unit Spectrograph (VIRUS) is an array of at least 150 copies of a simple, fiber-fed integral field spectrograph that will be deployed on the Hobby-Eberly Telescope (HET) to carry out the HET Dark Energy Experiment (HETDEX). Each spectrograph contains a volume phase holographic grating as its dispersing element that is used in first order for 350 nm to 550 nm. We discuss the test methods used to evaluate the performance of the prototype gratings, which have aided in modifying the fabrication prescription for achieving the specified batch diffraction efficiency required for HETDEX. In particular, we discuss tests in which we measure the diffraction efficiency at the nominal grating angle of incidence in VIRUS for all orders accessible to our test bench that are allowed by the grating equation. For select gratings, these tests have allowed us to account for > 90% of the incident light for wavelengths within the spectral coverage of VIRUS. The remaining light that is unaccounted for is likely being diffracted into reflective orders or being absorbed or scattered within the grating layer (for bluer wavelengths especially, the latter term may dominate the others). Finally, we discuss an apparatus that will be used to quickly verify the first order diffraction efficiency specification for the batch of at least 150 VIRUS production gratings.