When does lasing become a condensation phenomenon?

TL;DR

This paper introduces a classical light condensation phenomenon in photonic systems, showing a transition from multi- to single-mode oscillation driven by loss-gain dynamics, and discusses its relation to lasing and photon BEC.

Contribution

It demonstrates a classical condensation mechanism in laser cavities based on mode weighting, distinct from quantum Bose-Einstein condensation, and provides a theoretical framework for understanding this transition.

Findings

Condensation occurs with a power law spectral filtering exponent less than 1.

Classical light condensation can mimic photon BEC in optical cavities.

Recent photon condensation experiments may be classical LC or lasing phenomena.

Abstract

We present a generic classical light condensation (LC) phenomenon in linear photonic mode systems, such as cw laser cavities, in a noisy environment (spontaneous emission, etc.), based on weighting the modes in a loss-gain scale rather than in photon energy. It is characterized by a sharp transition from multi- to single-mode oscillation. The study uses a linear multivariate Langevin formulation which gives a mode occupation hierarchy that functions like Bose-Einstein statistics. We find that condensation occurs when the spectral filtering has near the lowest loss mode a power law dependence with exponent smaller than 1. We then discuss how and when condensation occurs in photon systems, how it relates to lasing, and the difficulties to observe regular photon Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) in laser cavities. We raise the possibility that recent experiments on photon condensation in optical cavities fall in a classical LC or lasing category rather than being a thermal-quantum BEC phenomenon.