Perpendicular Magnetization and Generic Realization of the Ising Model in Artificial Spin Ice

TL;DR

This study investigates kagome and honeycomb artificial spin ice arrays with perpendicular magnetization, revealing universal behavior in spin correlations that is independent of specific material realizations.

Contribution

It demonstrates that different artificial spin ice systems exhibit similar correlation development, highlighting a universal magnetic behavior across different lattice geometries and magnetization orientations.

Findings

Pairwise spin correlations are well modeled by nearest-neighbor interactions.

Kagome and honeycomb arrays show similar correlation patterns despite different magnetostatics.

Universal behavior in artificial spin ice systems is confirmed.

Abstract

We have studied frustrated kagome arrays and unfrustrated honeycomb arrays of magnetostatically-interacting single-domain ferromagnetic islands with magnetization normal to the plane. The measured pairwise spin correlations of both lattices can be reproduced by models based solely on nearest-neighbor correlations. The kagome array has qualitatively different magnetostatics but identical lattice topology to previously-studied 'artificial spin ice' systems composed of in-plane moments. The two systems show striking similarities in the development of moment pair correlations, demonstrating a universality in artificial spin ice behavior independent of specific realization in a particular material system.