The X-ray lightcurve of Sgr A* over the past 150 years inferred from Fe-Ka line reverberation in Galactic Centre molecular clouds

TL;DR

This study analyzes Fe-Ka line variability in Galactic Centre clouds to reconstruct Sgr A*'s X-ray activity over 150 years, revealing a long-term decline with episodic brightening, and provides new measurements of cloud properties impacting the interpretation.

Contribution

It offers the first direct measurements of cloud column densities and Fe abundance, refining models of Sgr A*'s historical X-ray activity and cloud illumination geometry.

Findings

Fe-Ka variability consistent with previous studies

Cloud column densities around 10^23 cm^-2, higher than prior estimates

Sgr A*'s X-ray luminosity over 150 years shows a downward trend with episodic brightening

Abstract

We examine the temporal and spectral properties of nine Fe-Ka bright molecular clouds within about 30 pc of Sgr A*, in order to understand and constrain the primary energising source of the Fe fluorescence. Significant Fe-Ka variability was detected, with a spatial and temporal pattern consistent with that reported in previous studies. The main breakthrough that sets our paper apart from earlier contributions on this topic is the direct measurement of the column density and the Fe abundance of the MCs in our sample. We used the EW measurements to infer the average Fe abundance within the clouds to be 1.6$\pm$0.1 times solar. The cloud column densities derived from the spectral analysis were typically of the order of 10$^{23}$ cm$^{-2}$, which is significantly higher than previous estimates. This in turn has a significant impact on the inferred geometry and time delays within the cloud system. Past X-ray activity of Sgr A* is the most likely source of ionisation within the molecular clouds in the innermost 30 pc of the Galaxy. In this scenario, the X-ray luminosity required to excite these reflection nebulae is of the order of 10$^{37}-10^{38}$ erg s$^{-1}$, significantly lower than that estimated for the Sgr B2 molecular cloud. Moreover, the inferred Sgr A* lightcurve over the past 150 years shows a long-term downwards trend punctuated by occasional counter-trend brightening episodes of at least 5 years duration. Finally, we found that contributions to the Fe fluorescence by X-ray transient binaries and cosmic-ray bombardment are very likely, and suggest possible ways to study this latter phenomenon in the near future.