Improved visualisation of brain arteriovenous malformations using color intensity projections with hue cycling

TL;DR

This paper enhances color intensity projections for brain angiography by introducing hue cycling, temporal interpolation, and interactive adjustments, significantly improving visualization of arteriovenous malformations.

Contribution

The paper presents novel improvements to CIP imaging, including hue cycling, temporal interpolation, and interactive phase adjustment, to better visualize brain AVMs.

Findings

Hue cycling concentrates hue variation in structures of interest.

Interpolation improves temporal resolution of CIP images.

Interactive controls enhance interpretability of CIP images.

Abstract

Color intensity projections (CIP) have been shown to improve the visualisation of greyscale angiography images by combining greyscale images into a single color image. A key property of the combined CIP image is the encoding of the arrival time information from greyscale images into the hue of the color in the CIP image. A few minor improvements to the calculation of the CIP image are introduced that substantially improve the quality of the visualisation. One improvement is interpolating of the greyscale images in time before calculation of the CIP image. A second is the use of hue cycling - where the hue of the color is cycled through more than once in an image. The hue cycling allows the variation of the hue to be concentrated in structures of interest. If there is a zero time point hue cycling can be applied after zero time and before zero time can be indicated by greyscale. If there is an end time point hue cycling can be applied before the end time and pixels can be set to black after the end time. An angiogram of a brain is used to demonstrate the substantial improvements hue cycling brings to CIP images. A third improvement is the use of maximum intensity projection for 2D rendering of a 3D CIP image volume. A fourth improvement allowing interpreters to interactively adjust the phase of the hue via standard contrast - brightness controls using lookup tables. Other potential applications of CIP are also mentioned.