Formation of millisecond pulsars with CO white dwarf companions - II. Accretion, spin-up, true ages and comparison to MSPs with He white dwarf companions

TL;DR

This paper investigates the formation and spin-up processes of millisecond pulsars with different white dwarf companions, analyzing accretion physics, energy loss, and age estimation to better understand their evolutionary history.

Contribution

It provides a detailed analysis of accretion and spin-up mechanisms in MSPs with CO and He WD companions, introducing new models and constraints on their formation and ages.

Findings

Significant rotational energy loss occurs in LMXB MSPs during Roche-lobe decoupling.

A simple expression for the accreted mass needed for spin equilibrium is derived.

Recycled pulsars with CO WD companions typically accrete 0.002-0.007 M_sun, explaining their observed spins.

Abstract

Millisecond pulsars (MSPs) are mainly characterised by their spin periods, B-fields and masses - quantities which are largely affected by previous interactions with a companion star in a binary system. In this paper, we investigate the formation mechanism of MSPs by considering the pulsar recycling process in both intermediate-mass X-ray binaries (IMXBs) and low-mass X-ray binaries (LMXBs). The IMXBs mainly lead to the formation of binary MSPs with a massive carbon-oxygen (CO) or an oxygen-neon-magnesium white dwarf (ONeMg WD) companion, whereas the LMXBs form recycled pulsars with a helium white dwarf (He WD) companion. We discuss the accretion physics leading to the spin-up line in the PPdot-diagram and demonstrate that such a line cannot be uniquely defined. We derive a simple expression for the amount of accreted mass needed for any given pulsar to achieve its equilibrium spin and apply this to explain the observed differences of the spin distributions of recycled pulsars with different types of companions. From numerical calculations we present further evidence for significant loss of rotational energy in accreting X-ray MSPs in LMXBs during the Roche-lobe decoupling phase (Tauris 2012) and demonstrate that the same effect is negligible in IMXBs. We examine the recycling of pulsars with CO WD companions via Case BB Roche-lobe overflow (RLO) of naked helium stars in post common envelope binaries. We find that such pulsars typically accrete of the order 0.002-0.007 M_sun which is just about sufficient to explain their observed spin periods. We introduce isochrones of radio MSPs in the PPdot-diagram to follow their spin evolution and discuss their true ages from comparison with observations. Finally, we apply our results of the spin-up process to the massive pulsar J1614-2230 (Paper I) and put new constraints on the birth masses of a number of recycled pulsars. [Abridged]