Photometric transit search for planets around cool stars from the western Italian Alps: A pilot study

TL;DR

This pilot study demonstrates the sensitivity of photometric methods to detect small transiting planets around cool stars and analyzes stellar activity, rotation, and flaring, establishing detection probabilities and limits.

Contribution

The paper presents a sensitive photometric approach for detecting small planets around cool stars and assesses stellar activity and rotation, providing detection probability estimates.

Findings

No transit-like events detected in the sample.

Photometric rotation periods of ~0.47 and ~0.22 days for two stars.

Detection probability limit of ~90% even with full phase coverage.

Abstract

[ABRIDGED] In this study, we set out to a) demonstrate the sensitivity to <4 R_E transiting planets with periods of a few days around our program stars, and b) improve our knowledge of some astrophysical properties(e.g., activity, rotation) of our targets by combining spectroscopic information and our differential photometric measurements. We achieve a typical nightly RMS photometric precision of ~5 mmag, with little or no dependence on the instrumentation used or on the details of the adopted methods for differential photometry. The presence of correlated (red) noise in our data degrades the precision by a factor ~1.3 with respect to a pure white noise regime. Based on a detailed stellar variability analysis, a) we detected no transit-like events; b) we determined photometric rotation periods of ~0.47 days and ~0.22 days for LHS 3445 and GJ 1167A, respectively; c) these values agree with the large projected rotational velocities (~25 km/s and ~33 km/s, respectively) inferred for both stars based on the analysis of archival spectra; d) the estimated inclinations of the stellar rotation axes for LHS 3445 and GJ 1167A are consistent with those derived using a simple spot model; e) short-term, low-amplitude flaring events were recorded for LHS 3445 and LHS 2686. Finally, based on simulations of transit signals of given period and amplitude injected in the actual (nightly reduced) photometric data for our sample, we derive a relationship between transit detection probability and phase coverage. We find that, using the BLS search algorithm, even when phase coverage approaches 100%, there is a limit to the detection probability of ~90%. Around program stars with phase coverage >50% we would have had >80% chances of detecting planets with P<1 day inducing fractional transit depths >0.5%, corresponding to minimum detectable radii in the range 1.0-2.2 R_E. [ABRIDGED]