Searching for young Jupiter analogs around AP Col: L-band high-contrast imaging of the closest pre-main sequence star

TL;DR

This study uses high-contrast L-band imaging with adaptive optics to search for Jupiter-like exoplanets around the nearby pre-main sequence star AP Col, setting new limits on detectable companion masses at various separations.

Contribution

It provides the deepest mass-sensitivity limits to date within 20 AU for a star of this type using direct imaging techniques.

Findings

Ruled out companions >= 0.5-1 M_Jup beyond 4.5 AU

Ruled out companions >= 2 M_Jup as close as 3 AU

Achieved the deepest mass sensitivity limits within 20 AU for direct imaging

Abstract

The nearby M-dwarf AP Col was recently identified by Riedel et al. 2011 as a pre-main sequence star (age 12 - 50 Myr) situated only 8.4 pc from the Sun. The combination of its youth, distance, and intrinsically low luminosity make it an ideal target to search for extrasolar planets using direct imaging. We report deep adaptive optics observations of AP Col taken with VLT/NACO and Keck/NIRC2 in the L-band. Using aggressive speckle suppression and background subtraction techniques, we are able to rule out companions with mass m >= 0.5 - 1M_Jup for projected separations a>4.5 AU, and m >= 2 M_Jup for projected separations as small as 3 AU, assuming an age of 40 Myr using the COND theoretical evolutionary models. Using a different set of models the mass limits increase by a factor of ~2. The observations presented here are the deepest mass-sensitivity limits yet achieved within 20 AU on a star with direct imaging. While Doppler radial velocity surveys have shown that Jovian bodies with close-in orbits are rare around M-dwarfs, gravitational microlensing studies predict that ~17% of these stars host massive planets with orbital separations of 1-10 AU. Sensitive high-contrast imaging observations, like those presented here, will help to validate results from complementary detection techniques by determining the frequency of gas giant planets on wide orbits around M-dwarfs.