Revealing a Ring-like Cluster Complex in a Tidal Tail of the Starburst Galaxy NGC 2146

TL;DR

The paper reports the discovery of a unique ring-like star cluster complex in NGC 2146, providing insights into triggered star formation in tidal streams through detailed age, mass, and spatial analyses.

Contribution

It presents the first detailed study of the Ruby Ring, a ring-like cluster complex, and supports a triggered formation scenario via a collect & collapse mechanism.

Findings

The central cluster is about 7 Myr old, with surrounding clusters about 4 Myr younger.

The star formation rate density in the system is approximately 0.47 Msun/yr/kpc^2.

The properties support a triggered formation scenario consistent with feedback-driven bubble expansion.

Abstract

We report the discovery of a ring-like cluster complex in the starburst galaxy NGC 2146. The Ruby Ring, so named due to its appearance, shows a clear ring-like distribution of star clusters around a central object. It is located in one of the tidal streams which surround the galaxy. NGC 2146 is part of the Snapshot Hubble U-band Cluster Survey (SHUCS). The WFC3/F336W data has added critical information to the available archival Hubble Space Telescope imaging set of NGC 2146, allowing us to determine ages, masses, and extinctions of the clusters in the Ruby Ring. These properties have then been used to investigate the formation of this extraordinary system. We find evidence of a spatial and temporal correlation between the central cluster and the clusters in the ring. The latter are about 4 Myr younger than the central cluster, which has an age of 7 Myr. This result is supported by the H alpha emission which is strongly coincident with the ring, and weaker at the position of the central cluster. From the derived total H alpha luminosity of the system we constrain the star formation rate density to be quite high, e.g. ~ 0.47 Msun/yr/kpc^2. The Ruby Ring is the product of an intense and localised burst of star formation, similar to the extended cluster complexes observed in M51 and the Antennae, but more impressive because is quite isolated. The central cluster contains only 5 % of the total stellar mass in the clusters that are determined within the complex. The ring-like morphology, the age spread, and the mass ratio support a triggering formation scenario for this complex. We discuss the formation of the Ruby Ring in a "collect & collapse" framework. The predictions made by this model agree quite well with the estimated bubble radius and expansion velocity produced by the feedback from the central cluster, making the Ruby Ring an interesting case of triggered star formation.