Finite temperature correlation functions from discrete functional equations

TL;DR

This paper introduces a novel discrete functional equation approach to compute finite temperature correlation functions in the Heisenberg chain, revealing they share a structure with zero temperature correlators.

Contribution

It develops a new method based on functional equations and lattice path integrals to characterize finite temperature correlation functions, extending zero temperature results.

Findings

Functional equations uniquely determine the density operator.

Finite temperature correlators have a structure similar to zero temperature.

The approach generalizes the q-Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov equations to finite temperature.

Abstract

We present a new approach to the static finite temperature correlation functions of the Heisenberg chain based on functional equations. An inhomogeneous generalization of the n-site density operator is considered. The lattice path integral formulation with a finite but arbitrary Trotter number allows to derive a set of discrete functional equations with respect to the spectral parameters. We show that these equations yield a unique characterization of the density operator. Our functional equations are a discrete version of the reduced q-Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov equations which played a central role in the study of the zero temperature case. As a natural result, and independent of the arguments given by Jimbo, Miwa, and Smirnov (2009) we prove that the inhomogeneous finite temperature correlation functions have the same remarkable structure as for zero temperature: they are a sum of products of nearest-neighbor correlators.