Single-epoch VLBI imaging study of bright active galactic nuclei at 2 and 8 GHz

TL;DR

This study presents single-epoch VLBI imaging of 370 AGNs at 2.3 and 8.6 GHz, analyzing their core and jet properties, spectral indices, brightness temperatures, and differences between gamma-ray bright and weak sources.

Contribution

It provides the first high-resolution radio observations of a large AGN sample at two frequencies, including detailed analysis of core and jet properties and their relation to gamma-ray emission.

Findings

Median core spectral index is 0.3, jet spectral index is -0.7.

Brightness temperatures reach up to 10^13 K, with a median of 2.5x10^11 K.

Gamma-ray associated AGNs have higher core flux densities and brightness temperatures.

Abstract

We investigate statistical and individual astrophysical properties of active galactic nuclei (AGNs), such as parsec-scale flux density, core dominance, angular and linear sizes, maximum observed brightness temperatures of VLBI core components, spectral index distributions for core and jet components, and evolution of brightness temperature along the jets. Furthermore, we statistically compare core flux densities and brightness temperature as well as jet spectral indices of gamma-ray bright and weak sources. We used 19 very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) observing sessions carried out simultaneously at 2.3 and 8.6 GHz with the participation of 10 Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) stations and up to 10 additional geodetic telescopes. The observations span the period 1998-2003. We present here single-epoch results from high-resolution radio observations of 370 AGNs. Our VLBI images at 2.3 and 8.6 GHz as well as Gaussian models are presented and analyzed. At least one-fourth of the cores are completely unresolved on the longest baselines of the global VLBI observations. The VLBI core components are partially opaque with the median value of spectral index of alpha_core=0.3, while the jet features are usually optically thin alpha_jet=-0.7. The spectral index typically decreases along the jet ridge line owing to the spectral aging, with a median value of -0.05 mas^-1. Brightness temperatures are found to be affected by Doppler boosting and reaching up to \sim10^13 K with a median of \sim2.5x10^11 K at both frequencies. The brightness temperature gradients along the jets typically follow a power law T_b\simr^-2.2 at both frequencies. 147 sources (40%) positionally associated with gamma-ray detections from the Fermi LAT Second Source Catalog have higher core flux densities and brightness temperatures, and are characterized by the less steep radio spectrum of the optically thin jet emission.