The optically unbiased GRB host (TOUGH) survey. V. VLT/X-shooter emission-line redshifts for Swift GRBs at z~2

TL;DR

This study uses VLT/X-shooter spectroscopy to measure redshifts of 19 GRB host galaxies, significantly improving redshift completeness and providing insights into optically-dark GRBs and their environments.

Contribution

It demonstrates the effectiveness of X-shooter spectroscopy in obtaining redshifts for faint, high-redshift GRB hosts, reducing bias from optically-dark events.

Findings

Redshifts obtained for 13 galaxies, median z=2.1.

Redshift completeness of the TOUGH survey increased to 77%.

Accurate redshifts for prototype-dark GRBs like 071021 and 080207.

Abstract

We present simultaneous optical and near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy of 19 Swift GRB host galaxies with VLT/X-shooter with the aim of measuring their redshifts. Galaxies were selected from The Optically Unbiased GRB Host (TOUGH) survey (15 of the 19 galaxies) or because they hosted GRBs without a bright optical afterglow. Here, we provide emission-line redshifts for 13 of the observed galaxies with brightnesses between F606W > 27 mag and R=22.9 mag (median R=24.6 mag). The median redshift is z=2.1 for all, and z=2.3 for the TOUGH hosts. Our new data significantly improve the redshift completeness of the TOUGH survey, which now stands at 77% (53 out of 69 GRBs). They furthermore provide accurate redshifts for nine prototype-dark GRBs (e.g., GRBs 071021 at z=2.452 and 080207 at z=2.086), which are exemplary of GRBs where redshifts are challenging to obtain via afterglow spectroscopy. This establishes X-shooter spectroscopy as an efficient tool for redshift determination of faint, star-forming, high-redshift galaxies such as GRB hosts. It is hence a further step towards removing the bias in GRB samples that is caused by optically-dark events, and provides the basis for a better understanding of the conditions in which GRBs form. The distribution of column densities as measured from X-ray data (N_{H,X}), for example, is closely related to the darkness of the afterglow and skewed towards low N_{H, X} values in samples that are dominated by bursts with bright optical afterglows.