Vortex and spiral instabilities at gap edges in three-dimensional self-gravitating disc-satellite simulations

TL;DR

This paper presents 3D self-gravitating disc simulations with planetary gaps, confirming 2D results and revealing how self-gravity influences vortex and spiral instabilities, including their vertical structures and dynamics.

Contribution

First 3D simulations of self-gravitating discs with planetary gaps that analyze vortex and spiral instabilities and their vertical structures.

Findings

Vortices merge in weakly self-gravitating discs.

Increased self-gravity leads to more vortices that resist merging.

Massive discs develop global spiral arms instead of vortices.

Abstract

Numerical simulations of global three-dimensional (3D), self-gravitating discs with a gap opened by an embedded planet are presented. The simulations are customised to examine planetary gap stability. Previous results, obtained by Lin & Papaloizou from two-dimensional (2D) disc models, are reproduced in 3D. These include (i) the development of vortices associated with local vortensity minima at gap edges and their merging on dynamical timescales in weakly self-gravitating discs, (ii) the increased number of vortices as the strength of self-gravity is increased and their resisted merging, and (iii) suppression of the vortex instability and development of global spiral arms associated with local vortensity maxima in massive discs. The vertical structure of these disturbances are examined. In terms of the relative density perturbation, the vortex disturbance has weak vertical dependence when self-gravity is neglected. Vortices become more vertically stratified with increasing self-gravity. This effect is seen even when the unperturbed region around the planet's orbital radius has a Toomre stability parameter ~10. The spiral modes display significant vertical structure at the gap edge, with the midplane density enhancement being several times larger than that near the upper disc boundary. However, for both instabilities the vertical Mach number is typically a few per cent,and on average vertical motions near the gap edge do not dominate horizontal motions.