Inflating a chain of x-ray deficient bubbles by a single jet activity episode

TL;DR

This study demonstrates through hydrodynamic simulations that a single, continuous jet can inflate multiple overlapping X-ray deficient bubbles in galaxy clusters, challenging the notion that multiple jet episodes are necessary.

Contribution

The paper introduces a model showing that a single jet activity can produce multiple bubble pairs via vortex fragmentation, providing a new perspective on jet feedback in galaxy clusters.

Findings

A single jet can create multiple bubble pairs.

Vortex fragmentation explains bubble chain structures.

Implications for feedback mechanisms in galaxy clusters.

Abstract

We show that a continuous jet with time-independent launching properties can inflate a chain of close and overlapping X-ray deficient bubbles. Using the numerical code PLUTO we run 2.5D (i.e. spherical coordinate system with cylindrical symmetry) hydrodynamic simulations and study the interaction of the jets with the intra-cluster medium (ICM). A key process is vortex fragmentation due to several mechanisms, including vortex-shedding and Kelvin-Helmholtz (KH) instabilities. Our results can account for the structure of two opposite chains of close bubbles as observed in the galaxy cluster Hydra A. Our results imply that the presence of multiple pairs of bubbles does not necessarily imply several jet-launching episodes. This finding might have implications to feedback mechanisms operating by jets.