On the unconstrained expansion of a spherical plasma cloud turning collisionless : case of a cloud generated by a nanometer dust grain impact on an uncharged target in space

TL;DR

This paper investigates the late-stage collisionless expansion of plasma clouds generated by high-velocity dust impacts in space, using N-body simulations to understand their behavior beyond initial hydrodynamic phases.

Contribution

It introduces a kinetic simulation approach for the collisionless expansion of plasma clouds from dust impacts, focusing on late-stage dynamics in space environments.

Findings

Collisionless plasma expansion can be modeled with N-body simulations.

The cloud's density and temperature are assumed uniform at transition to collisionless regime.

Vacuum approximation is valid up to meter-scale cloud dimensions.

Abstract

Nano and micro meter sized dust particles travelling through the heliosphere at several hundreds of km/s have been repeatedly detected by interplanetary spacecraft. When such fast moving dust particles hit a solid target in space, an expanding plasma cloud is formed through the vaporisation and ionisation of the dust particles itself and part of the target material at and near the impact point. Immediately after the impact the small and dense cloud is dominated by collisions and the expansion can be described by fluid equations. However, once the cloud has reached micro-m dimensions, the plasma may turn collisionless and a kinetic description is required to describe the subsequent expansion. In this paper we explore the late and possibly collisionless spherically symmetric unconstrained expansion of a single ionized ion-electron plasma using N-body simulations. Given the strong uncertainties concerning the early hydrodynamic expansion, we assume that at the time of the transition to the collisionless regime the cloud density and temperature are spatially uniform. We do also neglect the role of the ambient plasma. This is a reasonable assumption as long as the cloud density is substantially higher than the ambient plasma density. In the case of clouds generated by fast interplanetary dust grains hitting a solid target some 10^7 electrons and ions are liberated and the in vacuum approximation is acceptable up to meter order cloud dimensions. ...