Theory of neutrinoless double beta decay

TL;DR

This paper reviews the theoretical and experimental aspects of neutrinoless double beta decay, emphasizing its importance for understanding neutrino properties, the challenges involved, and the potential to determine the neutrino mass scale.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive review of nuclear structure approaches for calculating nuclear matrix elements and discusses methods to disentangle various mechanisms affecting neutrinoless double beta decay.

Findings

Nuclear matrix elements can be reliably calculated with recent nuclear structure methods.

Multiple mechanisms can contribute to neutrinoless double beta decay, complicating the interpretation.

Searching across various isotopes can help isolate the neutrino mass contribution.

Abstract

Neutrinoless double beta decay, which is a very old and yet elusive process, is reviewed. Its observation will signal that lepton number is not conserved and the neutrinos are Majorana particles. More importantly it is our best hope for determining the absolute neutrino mass scale at the level of a few tens of meV. To achieve the last goal certain hurdles have to be overcome involving particle, nuclear and experimental physics. Nuclear physics is important for extracting the useful information from the data. One must accurately evaluate the relevant nuclear matrix elements, a formidable task. To this end, we review the sophisticated nuclear structure approaches recently been developed, which give confidence that the needed nuclear matrix elements can be reliably calculated. From an experimental point of view it is challenging, since the life times are long and one has to fight against formidable backgrounds. If a signal is found, it will be a tremendous accomplishment. Then, of course, the real task is going to be the extraction of the neutrino mass from the observations. This is not trivial, since current particle models predict the presence of many mechanisms other than the neutrino mass, which may contribute or even dominate this process. We will, in particular, consider the following processes: (i)The neutrino induced, but neutrino mass independent contribution. (ii)Heavy left and/or right handed neutrino mass contributions. (iii)Intermediate scalars (doubly charged etc). (iv)Supersymmetric (SUSY) contributions. We will show that it is possible to disentangle the various mechanisms and unambiguously extract the important neutrino mass scale, if all the signatures of the reaction are searched in a sufficient number of nuclear isotopes.