Background, foreground and nearby matter influence on strong gravitational lenses

TL;DR

This study examines how matter along the line of sight and near the lens affects strong gravitational lensing, revealing that simplified models often fail to accurately fit complex configurations, emphasizing the importance of environmental effects.

Contribution

It provides a comparative analysis of different light propagation models and quantifies the impact of nearby and line-of-sight matter on lens modeling accuracy.

Findings

Full matter inhomogeneities significantly affect lens modeling.

Simplified models often reject true configurations at 95% significance.

Including external shear improves model fits but does not fully resolve discrepancies.

Abstract

We investigate strong lensing by non-singular finite isothermal ellipsoids taking into account the influence of the matter along the line of sight and in the close lens vicinity. We compare three descriptions of light propagation: the full approach taking into account all matter inhomogeneities along the rays, the single plane approach, where we take into account the influence of the strong lens neighbours but neglect the foreground and background objects, and the single lens approach. In each case we simulate many strong lensing configurations placing a point source at the same redshift but in different locations inside the region surrounded by caustics. We further analyze configurations of four or five images. For every simulated strong lensing configuration we attempt to fit a simplified lens model using a single isothermal ellipsoid or a single isothermal ellipsoid with external shear. The single lens fits to configurations obtained in the full approach are rejected in majority of cases with 95% significance. For configurations obtained in the single plane approach the rejection rate is substantially lower. Also the inclusion of external shear in simplified modeling improves the chances of obtaining acceptable fits, but the problem is not solved completely. The quantitative estimates of the rates of rejection of simplified models depend on the required accuracy of the models, and we present few illustrative examples, which show that both matter close to the lens and matter along the rays do have important influence on lens modeling. We also estimate the typical value of the external shear and compare the fitted parameters of the simplified models with the parameters of the lenses used in the simulations.