Star formation in grand-design, spiral galaxies. Young, massive clusters in the near-infrared

TL;DR

This study uses near-infrared imaging to analyze young stellar clusters in grand-design spiral galaxies, revealing how spiral arms influence star formation and cluster properties, with implications for understanding galaxy evolution.

Contribution

It provides the first detailed near-infrared analysis of young clusters in spiral arms, showing how spiral perturbations affect star formation rates and cluster luminosity functions.

Findings

Star formation rate is 2-5 times higher in spiral arms.

Cluster luminosity function follows a power law with exponent ~-2.

Young clusters show significant dust extinction, which drops rapidly around 7 Myr.

Abstract

Deep, near-infrared JHK-maps were observed for 10 nearby, grand-design, spiral galaxies using HAWK-I/VLT to study the distribution of young stellar clusters in them and thereby determine whether strong spiral perturbations can influence star formation. Complete, magnitude-limited candidate lists of star-forming complexes were obtained by searching within the K-band maps. The properties of the complexes were derived from (H-K)-(J-H) diagrams including the identification of the youngest complexes (i.e. <7 Myr) and the estimation of their extinction. Young stellar clusters with ages <7 Myr have significant internal extinction in the range of Av=3-7m, while older ones typically have Av<1m. The cluster luminosity function (CLF) is well-fitted by a power law with an exponent of around -2 and displays no evidence of a high luminosity cut-off. The brightest cluster complexes in the disk reach luminosities of Mk = -15.5m or estimated masses of 10^6 Mo. At radii with a strong, two-armed spiral pattern, the star formation rate in the arms is higher by a factor of 2-5 than in the inter-arm regions. The CLF in the arms is also shifted towards brighter Mk by at least 0.4m. We also detect clusters with colors compatible with Large Magellanic Cloud intermediate age clusters and Milky Way globular clusters. The (J-K)-Mk diagram of several galaxies shows, for the brightest clusters, a clear separation between young clusters that are highly attenuated by dust and older ones with low extinction. The gap in the (J-K)-Mk diagrams implies that there has been a rapid expulsion of dust at an age around 7 Myr, possibly triggered by supernovae. Strong spiral perturbations concentrate the formation of clusters in the arm regions and shifts their CLF towards brighter magnitudes.