The van der Waals-Maxwell phase transition, hidden in Sommerfeld-Dirac hydrogen theory, proves that symmetry in the Coulomb bond is broken

TL;DR

This paper reveals a hidden van der Waals-Maxwell phase transition in Sommerfeld's hydrogen theory, indicating symmetry breaking in Coulomb bonds, with implications for antimatter and cosmology.

Contribution

It uncovers a classical phase transition in hydrogen theory that challenges the notion of producing antihydrogen through simple antimatter reactions.

Findings

Identification of a phase transition in hydrogen's Coulomb attraction

Confirmation of symmetry breaking in hydrogen spectral series

Implications for antimatter production and cosmological models

Abstract

Left unnoticed for almost a century, 1916 Sommerfeld H theory hides a van der Waals-Maxwell phase transition in the Coulomb lepton-nucleon attraction of ground state H. This classical 19th century symmetry breaking effect, important for CPT, is confirmed by observed H nS(sub1/2 and nP(sub1/2) series. It proves that trying to produce antihydrogen H with e(sup+)+ p(sup-)\rightarrow Hbar does not make sense. Since hydrogen is the major constituent of the Universe, the energy equilibrium of Hbar antimatter and H matter states in natural hydrogen is in line with the Big Bang hypothesis.