Free Running Single Photon Detection based on a negative feedback InGaAs APD

TL;DR

This paper presents a free-running single-photon detector using a feedback InGaAs APD with reduced afterpulsing, achieving improved performance through an active hold-off circuit and advanced characterization techniques.

Contribution

It introduces a novel detector module with an active hold-off circuit and enhanced afterpulsing measurement, advancing single-photon detection technology.

Findings

Achieved 600 Hz dark count rate at 10% detection efficiency.

Implemented an FPGA-based algorithm for detailed afterpulsing analysis.

Enhanced the standard double-window technique for better characterization.

Abstract

InGaAs/InP-based semiconductor avalanche photodiode are usually employed for single-photon counting at telecom wavelength. However they are affected by afterpulsing which limits the diode performance. Recently, Princeton Lightwave has commercialised a diode integrating monolithically a feedback resistor. This solution effectively quenches the avalanche and drastically reduces afterpulsing. Here, we report the development and characterization of a detector module based on this diode, implementing an active hold-off circuit which further reduces the afterpulsing and notably improves the detector performances. We demonstrate free-running operation with 600 Hz dark count rate at 10% detection efficiency. We also improved the standard double-window technique for the afterpulsing characterization. Our algorithm implemented by a FPGA allows to put the APD in a well-defined initial condition and to measure the impact of the higher order afterpulses.