Improved protocols of secure quantum communication using W states

TL;DR

This paper enhances secure quantum communication protocols by generalizing existing W state-based methods, improving efficiency, and demonstrating that dense coding is not necessary for maximum protocol efficiency.

Contribution

It introduces generalized protocols for DSQC and QSDC using W states, achieving higher efficiency without relying on dense coding.

Findings

Protocols are more efficient than previous methods.

Dense coding is not essential for maximum efficiency.

Bounds on qubit efficiency are established.

Abstract

Recently, Hwang et al. [Eur. Phys. J. D. 61, 785 (2011)] and Yuan et al. [Int. J. Theo. Phys. 50, 2403 (2011)] have proposed two efficient protocols of secure quantum communication using 3-qubit and 4-qubit symmetric W state respectively. These two dense coding based protocols are generalized and their efficiencies are considerably improved. Simple bounds on the qubit efficiency of deterministic secure quantum communication (DSQC) and quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) protocols are obtained and it is shown that dense coding is not essential for designing of maximally efficient DSQC and QSDC protocols. This fact is used to design maximally efficient protocols of DSQC and QSDC using 3-qubit and 4-qubit W states.