Ultracold atoms and the Functional Renormalization Group

TL;DR

This paper introduces ultracold atom physics using functional integral techniques, focusing on the effective low energy Hamiltonian, the effective action, and the Functional Renormalization Group approach to the BCS-BEC crossover.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive, pedagogical application of the Functional Renormalization Group to the BCS-BEC crossover in ultracold atoms, linking microscopic and macroscopic physics.

Findings

Derivation of the universal low energy Hamiltonian for ultracold alkali atoms

Application of the effective action to weakly interacting bosons and fermions

Detailed analysis of the BCS-BEC crossover using the Functional Renormalization Group

Abstract

We give a self-contained introduction to the physics of ultracold atoms using functional integral techniques. Based on a consideration of the relevant length scales, we derive the universal effective low energy Hamiltonian describing ultracold alkali atoms. We then introduce the concept of the effective action, which generalizes the classical action principle to full quantum status and provides an intuitive and versatile tool for practical calculations. This framework is applied to weakly interacting degenerate bosons and fermions in the spatial continuum. In particular, we discuss the related BEC and BCS quantum condensation mechanisms. We then turn to the BCS-BEC crossover, which interpolates between both phenomena, and which is realized experimentally in the vicinity of a Feshbach resonance. For its description, we introduce the Functional Renormalization Group approach. After a general discussion of the method in the cold atoms context, we present a detailed and pedagogical application to the crossover problem. This not only provides the physical mechanism underlying this phenomenon. More generally, it also reveals how the renormalization group can be used as a tool to capture physics at all scales, from few-body scattering on microscopic scales, through the finite temperature phase diagram governed by many-body length scales, up to critical phenomena dictating long distance physics at the phase transition. The presentation aims to equip students at the beginning PhD level with knowledge on key physical phenomena and flexible tools for their description, and should enable to embark upon practical calculations in this field.