Entanglement in atomic systems interacting with single-photon pulses in free space

TL;DR

This paper develops a theoretical model to study how a single photon can generate entanglement between two atoms in free space, considering atomic positions and photon spectral properties, advancing quantum communication research.

Contribution

It introduces a new theoretical approach to analyze photon-atom interactions without cavities, focusing on entanglement generation and dependence on system parameters.

Findings

Single photon can induce significant entanglement between two atoms.

Entanglement depends on atomic positions and photon spectral features.

The model provides equations of motion for atomic operators in free space.

Abstract

New technologies providing tight focusing lens and mirrors with large numerical apertures and electro-optic modulation of single photons are now available for the investigation of photon-atom interactions without a cavity. From the theoretical side, new models must be developed which take into account the intrinsic open system aspect of the problem as well as details about atomic relative positions and temporal (spectral) features of the pulses. In this paper, we investigate the generation of nonclassical correlations between two atoms in free space interacting with a quantized pulse containing just one single photon. For this purpose, we develop a general theoretical approach which allows us to find the equations of motion for single- and two-body atomic operators from which we obtained the system density operator. We show that one single photon is capable of promoting substantial entanglement between two initially ground state atoms, and we analyze the dependence of these correlations on atomic relative positions (vacuum effects) and spectral features of the single photon pulse.