4pi Models of CMEs and ICMEs

TL;DR

This paper reviews 4pi models of CMEs and ICMEs, emphasizing the importance of full 3D spatial coverage for realistic simulations and improved space weather prediction accuracy.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive overview of existing 4pi CME models, highlighting their scientific aims, initiation methods, and physical effects included.

Findings

Advances in numerical methods enhance model realism.

High-quality observational data enables better model validation.

Full 3D models are crucial for accurate space weather forecasting.

Abstract

Coronal mass ejections (CMEs), which dynamically connect the solar surface to the far reaches of interplanetary space, represent a major anifestation of solar activity. They are not only of principal interest but also play a pivotal role in the context of space weather predictions. The steady improvement of both numerical methods and computational resources during recent years has allowed for the creation of increasingly realistic models of interplanetary CMEs (ICMEs), which can now be compared to high-quality observational data from various space-bound missions. This review discusses existing models of CMEs, characterizing them by scientific aim and scope, CME initiation method, and physical effects included, thereby stressing the importance of fully 3-D ('4pi') spatial coverage.