Progenitors of Recombining Supernova Remnants

TL;DR

This paper investigates the conditions under which supernova remnants become recombining, focusing on the role of dense circumstellar media around different progenitors, especially red supergiants, in forming such remnants.

Contribution

It identifies which supernova progenitors can produce dense circumstellar media that lead to recombining supernova remnants, highlighting red supergiants as the primary candidates.

Findings

Red supergiants can produce dense circumstellar media leading to recombining remnants.

Type IIn supernovae can also develop recombining supernova remnants.

Wolf-Rayet stars and white dwarfs have a low probability of creating recombining remnants.

Abstract

Usual supernova remnants have either ionizing plasma or plasma in collisional ionization equilibrium, i.e., the ionization temperature is lower than or equal to the electron temperature. However, the existence of recombining supernova remnants, i.e., supernova remnants with the ionization temperature higher than the electron temperature, is recently confirmed. One suggested way to have recombining plasma in a supernova remnant is to have a dense circumstellar medium at the time of the supernova explosion. If the circumstellar medium is dense enough, collisional ionization equilibrium can be established in the early stage of the evolution of the supernova remnant and subsequent adiabatic cooling which occurs after the shock wave gets out of the dense circumstellar medium makes the electron temperature lower than the ionization temperature. We study the circumstellar medium around several supernova progenitors and show which supernova progenitors can have a circumstellar medium which is dense enough to establish collisional ionization equilibrium soon after the explosion. We find that the circumstellar medium around red supergiants (especially massive ones) and the circumstellar medium which is dense enough to make Type IIn supernovae can establish collisional ionization equilibrium soon after the explosion and can evolve to recombining supernova remnants. Wolf-Rayet stars and white dwarfs have possibility to be recombining supernova remnants but the fraction is expected to be very small. As the occurrence rate of the explosions of red supergiants is much higher than that of Type IIn supernovae, the major progenitors of recombining supernova remnants are likely to be red supergiants.