Astrophysical foregrounds and primordial tensor-to-scalar ratio constraints from CMB B-mode polarization observations

TL;DR

This paper investigates how astrophysical foregrounds impact the ability of CMB B-mode polarization experiments to measure the primordial tensor-to-scalar ratio, emphasizing the importance of foreground control and sky area selection for future mission sensitivity.

Contribution

It demonstrates that foreground residuals can be minimized with optimized component separation and sky area restriction, significantly improving constraints on r in future CMB experiments.

Findings

Foreground residuals do not limit the detection of very low r in ideal conditions.

Restricting analysis to smaller sky areas can improve constraints on r by over an order of magnitude.

Proper modeling and calibration are crucial for accurate foreground removal and r estimation.

Abstract

We study the effects of astrophysical foregrounds on the ability of CMB B-mode polarization experiments to constrain the primordial tensor-to-scalar ratio, r. To clean the foreground contributions we use parametric, maximum likelihood component separation technique, and consider experimental setups optimized to render a minimal level of the foreground residuals in the recovered CMB map. We consider nearly full-sky observations, include two diffuse foreground components, dust and synchrotron, and study cases with and without calibration errors, spatial variability of the foreground properties, and partial or complete B-mode lensing signal removal. In all these cases we find that in the limit of very low noise level and in the absence of the intrumental or modeling systematic effects, the foreground residuals do not lead to a limit on the lowest detectable value of r. But the need to control the foreground residuals will play a major role in determining the minimal noise levels necessary to permit a robust detection of r < 0.1 and therefore in optimizing and forecasting the performance of the future missions. For current and proposed experiments noise levels, the foreground residuals are found non-negligible and potentially can affect our ability to set constraints on r. We also show how the constraints can be significantly improved on by restricting the post component separation processing to a smaller sky area. This procedure applied to a case of a COrE-like satellite mission is shown to result potentially in over an order of magnitude improvement in the detectable value of r. With sufficient knowledge of the experimental bandpasses as well as foreground component scaling laws, our conclusions are found to be independent on the assumed overall normalization of the foregrounds and only quantitatively depend on specific parametrizations assumed for the foreground components.