Modeling magnetar outbursts: Flux enhancements and the connection with short bursts and glitches

TL;DR

This study models magnetar outbursts, showing that neutrino emission limits luminosity, explaining why some bursts and glitches lack detectable outbursts, and clarifying their connection based on source brightness.

Contribution

It introduces a starquake model framework demonstrating how neutrino cooling explains the variability in outburst detectability and the apparent disconnect between bursts, glitches, and radiative outbursts.

Findings

Neutrino emission limits magnetar luminosity during outbursts.

Bright persistent magnetars show minimal luminosity increase during outbursts.

Fainter magnetars exhibit more pronounced luminosity variations during similar events.

Abstract

The availability of a large amount of observational data recently collected from magnetar outbursts is now calling for a complete theoretical study of outburst characteristics. In this letter (the first of a series dedicated to model magnetar outbursts), we tackle the long-standing open issue of whether or not short bursts and glitches are always connected to long-term radiative outbursts. We show that the recent detection of short bursts and glitches seemingly unconnected to outbursts is only misleading our understanding of these events. We show that, in the framework of the starquake model, neutrino emission processes in the magnetar crust limit the temperature, and therefore the luminosity. This natural limit to the maximum luminosity makes outbursts associated with bright persistent magnetars barely detectable. These events are simply seen as a small luminosity increase over the already bright quiescent state, followed by a fast return to quiescence. In particular, this is the case for 1RXS J1708-4009, 1E 1841-045, SGR 1806-20, and other bright persistent magnetars. On the other hand, a similar event (with the same energetics) in a fainter source will drive a more extreme luminosity variation and longer cooling time, as for sources such as XTE J1810-197, 1E 1547-5408 and SGR 1627-41. We conclude that the non-detection of large radiative outbursts in connection with glitches and bursts from bright persistent magnetars is not surprising per se, nor it needs of any revision on the glitches and burst mechanisms as explained by current theoretical models.