Atmospheric characterization of cold exoplanets using a 1.5-m coronagraphic space telescope

TL;DR

This study evaluates the capabilities of a 1.5-meter coronagraphic space telescope, SPICES, to characterize atmospheres of cold exoplanets, focusing on spectral analysis, surface properties, and potential targets within nearby stellar systems.

Contribution

The paper provides a performance assessment of SPICES for atmospheric characterization of cold exoplanets using realistic spectra and instrument limitations, highlighting its potential scientific reach.

Findings

SPICES can study Jupiters and Neptunes up to 5 and 2 AU respectively within 10 pc.

It can analyze cloud and surface coverage of super-Earths at 1 AU.

Potential to characterize Earth-sized planets around nearby stars like alpha Cen A and B.

Abstract

Context. High-contrast imaging is currently the only available technique for the study of the thermodynamical and compositional properties of exoplanets in long-period orbits. The SPICES project is a coronagraphic space telescope dedicated to the spectro-polarimetric analysis of gaseous and icy giant planets as well as super-Earths at visible wavelengths. So far, studies for high-contrast imaging instruments have mainly focused on technical feasibility because of the challenging planet/star flux ratio of 10-8-10-10 required at short separations (200 mas or so) to image cold exoplanets. However, the analysis of planet atmospheric/surface properties has remained largely unexplored. Aims. The aim of this paper is to determine which planetary properties SPICES or an equivalent direct imaging mission can measure, considering realistic reflected planet spectra and instrument limitation. Methods. We use numerical simulations of the SPICES instrument concept and theoretical planet spectra to carry out this performance study. Results. We find that the characterization of the main planetary properties (identification of molecules, effect of metallicity, presence of clouds and type of surfaces) would require a median signal-to-noise ratio of at least 30. In the case of a solar-type star \leq 10 pc, SPICES will be able to study Jupiters and Neptunes up to ~5 and ~2 AU respectively. It would also analyze cloud and surface coverage of super-Earths of radius 2.5 RE at 1 AU. Finally, we determine the potential targets in terms of planet separation, radius and distance for several stellar types. For a Sun analog, we show that SPICES could characterize Jupiters (M \geq 30 ME) as small as 0.5 Jupiter radii at ~2 AU up to 10 pc, and super-Earths at 1-2 AU for the handful of stars that exist within 4-5 pc. Potentially, SPICES could perform analysis of a hypothetical Earth-size planet around alpha Cen A and B.